Space weather impact on ground-based technological systems

This review, offered for the first time in Russian scientific literature, is devoted to various aspects of problem space weather impact on ground-based technological systems. Particular attention paid hazards operation power transmission lines, railway automation, and pipelines caused by geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during geomagnetic disturbances. The review provides information main characteristics field variability, rapid variations mani-festations. fundamentals modeling geoelectric disturbances based magnetotelluric sounding algorithms are presented. approaches assessment possible extreme values GIC considered. Information about economic effects collected. current state prospects forecasting, risk systems from discussed. While geophysics models predicting intensity magnetic storms their related observations interplanetary medium being actively developed, these cannot be directly used predict position since description variability requires development additional models. Revealing fine structure fast substorms bursts appeared important not only a practical point view, but also near-Earth dynamics. Unlike highly specialized papers geophysical engineering industrial transformers, designed wider technical audience without sacrificing level presentation. In other words, part written engineers, geophysicists. Despite evident applied orientation studies under consideration, they limited purely application results calculation risks systems, pose number fundamental problems.